The "latitude" (abbreviation: Lat., ϕ, or phi) of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to) the center of the Earth. Latitude and longitude Diagram of the latitude ϕ and longitude λ angle measurements for a spherical model of the Earth. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England as the zero-reference line. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300 the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding the length of the Mediterranean Sea, causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. Ptolemy credited him with the full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. In the 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from a prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles, off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands, and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses, rather than dead reckoning. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. Further information: History of geodesy, history of longitude, and history of prime meridians
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